國八下二段文法重點整理(翰林、康軒、南一}

因為幫國二學生整理文法重點，發現這次三個版本的重疊性較小，但我這裡三個版本的學都有，所以整理出一堆文法。既然花那麼多時間做講義，就在這裡跟多一點人分享，無緣當我學生聽詳解的孩子們，看看這些講義也許有幫助，祝福大家考試順利！

目錄：(一)連綴動詞    (二)使役動詞      (三)授予動詞    (四)情態副詞    (五)其他

(一)連綴動詞 Linking verbs

* Link是連接的意思，所以linking verbs就是連接主詞(S)和句子的其他部件，使這些部件能定義(identify)或描述(describe)主詞(subject)。

* 如果用 ”=” 代替這個動詞(V)，還能說得通(make sense)，那就是連綴動詞。

* Linking verbs用在S+V+C的句型。

* Linking verbs 不表達動作，而是連接形容詞(adj.)、名詞(n.)/片語/子句，補充說明主詞(subject complement)的狀態

* 有哪些？any form of “to be”, 感官動詞(look, sound, taste, smell, feel)，”變得…”(get, become, grow)，”保持…”(remain, keep, stay)，”似乎”(seem, appear)

*感官動詞不用進行式

*有些連綴動詞兼具助動詞或動作動詞(action verbs)的身份。扮演什麼身份就遵守什麼規則。

 

<Examples>

1. She seemed upset after the exam.

2. The house appears to be damaged in the war.

3. The food tastes delicious.

4. All of the children stay calm during the earthquake drill.

5. The woman became angry when she heard the news.

6. The perfume smells like some kind of fruit.

7. The perfume smells sweet and tasty.

8. He went mad after tripping on the rug.

9. They looked exhausted after working all day in the sun.

10. Your friends might be disappointed if you don’t show up.

11. The princess and the prince will be happy forever.

12. They are super heroes.

13. The trees in your garden have grown tall.

14. The soup remains warm in the pot.

15. That sounds like a good idea to me.

 

有些看起來像連綴動詞，但並不是，用法不同。下列哪些是？哪些不是？

1. She got married.

2. She married Bob.

3. He has been looking for a nice suit.

4. He has been looking like a professor.

5. She will appear shocked when she knows the truth.

6. She will appear in a few minutes.

7. The dog smells badly.

8. The dog smells bad.

 

(國二下康軒)

 (二)使役動詞(Causative verbs)

S + C. Verb + O (someone/something) + Verb (+ O)

使某人做某事(主動) / 使某事被做(被動)

(Cause someone to do something. / Cause something to be done.)

(主動) 

S(主詞)	have(交付) make(免強.要求) let(允許)	someone someone someone/something	V原型	(O受詞)
	get(說服.鼓勵) ask tell	someone	to V原型
	help	someone	V / to V / with n.

1. Mrs. May has her students clean the classroom every day.

2. Mandy made her boyfriend watch the film with her.

3. Kyle lets his sister use his computer anytime.

4. We will get our uncle to take the adventure.

5. John can help you (to) do the dishes / with the dishes. 

(被動) 

S(主詞)

have get (make) (let)

something

p. p. (過去分詞)

1. I must have my car washed.

2. You should have your hair cut.

3. He got his laptop fixed.

4. The manager made his book published on his birthday.

make someone do   force someone to do   不情願

have someone do   get someone to do     要求

let someone do     allow someone to do   允許

help someone do    help someone to do    幫助

下列句子是用使役動詞嗎？

(  ) The car was washed.

(  ) I got the car washed.

(  ) Jack had his room painted pink.

(  ) Jack had painted his room pink.

(  ) Phoebe got her report finished.

(  ) Pilar let Megan cook dinner for her.

( ) Ryan made Megan cook dinner for him.

(國二下 南一、翰林)

(三)授予動詞(dative verbs)

*句型：S + V + O + O

*授予動詞接兩個受詞(object)：間接受詞(Indirect Object) + 直接受詞(Direct Object)

                                         或

                           直接受詞(Direct Object) + to/for +間接受詞(Indirect Object)

*介係詞 to/for/of

	授予動詞
to	bring(帶來)   give(給)    leave(留下)    lend(借)    pass(傳遞)    read(讀) sell(賣)     send(寄送)   show(展示)   teach(教)    tell(告訴)     write(寫)
for	bring(帶來)   buy(買)    choose(選擇)    cook(煮)    find(找到)     get(取得) make(製造)  order(訂)   paint(畫、漆)   pick(撿)    reserve(預定)    save(救、存)
of	ask(問、要求)

*直接受詞通常是”物”，間接受詞通常是”人”

例句：

1. Please pass me the plate.  =  Please pass the plate to me.

2. Can I buy you some coffee?  =  Can I buy some coffee for you?

3. Ryan brought me some guavas last Monday.  =  Ryan brought some guavas to me last Monday.

4. Jennifer brought me some snacks when we worked together last time.

= Jennifer brought some snacks for me when we worked together last time.

5. Megan is going to ask you a question.  =  Megan is going to ask a question of you.

6. Phoebe sent her penpal a package.  =  Phoebe sent a package to her penpal.

7. Pilar made herself a beautiful dress.  =  Pilar made a beautiful dress for herself.

8. Jack usually shows Roger his muscles.  =  Jack usually shows his muscles to Roger.

9. I will find you a good pair of sneakers.  =  I will find a good pair of sneakers for you.

10. He reads his son a story every day.  =  He reads a story to his son every day.

*補充

<ask> 

He asked Andy something important. 

My mom asked me about Maria.

You ask for it!

How much did they ask for?

She came to ask a favor of me.

I will ask around to get a better solution.

<lend/borrow>

I borrowed some tools from my neighbor.

My neighbor lent me some tools.  =  My neighbors lent some tools to me.

(國二下 南一)

(四)情態副詞(adverbs of manner)

*情狀副詞修飾動詞，讓我們知道某事如何發生(how something happens)

*絕大多數情狀副詞是從形容詞加ly來的。加ly的原則如下：

直接加ly	去字尾y，加ily	字尾le，去e加y (le🡪ly)
beautiful 🡪 beautifully polite 🡪 politely quiet 🡪 quietly safe 🡪 safely real 🡪 really careful 🡪 carefully	heavy 🡪 heavily hungry 🡪 hungrily easy 🡪 easily happy 🡪 happily busy 🡪 busily angry 🡪 angrily	gentle 🡪 gently comfortable 🡪 comfortably possible 🡪 possibly terrible 🡪 terribly horrible 🡪 horribly simple 🡪 simply

注意特殊字：true 🡪 truly

*有些情狀副詞與形容詞同型：early, fast, hard, late, far, high, much, little

 形容詞 🡪 副詞

 He is a fast driver. 🡪 He drives fast.       She is an early bird. 🡪 She gets up early.

 I am a hard worker. 🡪 I work hard.       You were late for school. 🡪 You got to school late.

*不規則：形容詞與副詞完全不同字型 good(adj.) 🡪 well(adv.)

 Jason is a good basketball player. 🡪 Jason plays basketball well.

*有些形容詞加 ly，雖然變副詞，但意思改變

 I work hard. 🡨相反🡪 I hardly work.

 Mary went to the office late yesterday. 

 Mary has been often absent from work lately. (最近)

*情狀副詞位置說明如下

 1. S+V+ adv. 或 S+ adv. +V (在動詞前後)

   Megan dances beautifully.  Pilar quietly ran over the bridge.

   但是 fast, well, hard, late, early, badly, much, high…

(與形容詞同型或不規則字)只能在動詞後，不不不在動詞前喔！

   Ryan walks fast.  Phoebe sings well.

 2. S+V+O+ adv. 或 S+ adv. +V+O(畫線部分黏緊緊)不不不在動詞和受詞之間插入adv.喔！

   Jack ate his dinner quickly.       Jack quickly ate his dinner.   

 3. 如果是S+V+ prep. +O (畫線部分黏緊緊)，adv.可以放在任一”@” 🡪 S+@+V+@+ prep. +O +@

   The feather softly landed on the rug.  S+@+V+ prep. +O 

   The feather landed softly on the rug.  S+V+@+ prep. +O

   The feather landed on the rug softly.  S+V+ prep. +O +@

 4. 如果有兩個動詞，adv.的位置不同，意思也會不同。

   He quickly asked me to hand over the phone. =  He asked me quickly to hand over the phone.

   He asked me to quickly hand over the phone. =  He asked me to hand over the phone quickly.

 5. 放句頭可加強語氣，或是表達個人看法(常用：personally, honestly, seriously…)

    Slowly, she opened the box. (加強語氣)

    Surprisingly, he won the game! (個人看法)

*至於副詞的比較級、最高級變化原則同形容詞：單音節和少數兩音節字尾加er、est，多音節則前面加字 more, the most(因為多數情狀副詞是從形容詞+ly來的，ly是一個音節，所以就使副詞成為多音節字)。與形容詞同型及不規則的副詞，比較級和最高級也與形容詞變化相同(看下表)。

形容詞/副詞原型	形容詞/副詞比較級	形容詞/副詞最高級
early	earlier	earliest
far	farther	farthest
fast	faster	fastest
hard	harder	hardest
high	higher	highest
late	later	latest
good/well	better	best
bad/badly	worse	worst
much	more	most
little	less	least

                                                  

(國二下 翰林、康軒、南一) 

(五)其他(感官動詞、反身代名詞、if條件子句)

[A] 感官動詞：跟五感(看、聽、聞、觸、嚐)有關的動詞 see, watch, look at, notice, observe, hear, overhear, listen to, sound, feel…

   用法：1. 參考前面”連綴動詞”用法 🡪 S +感官V+ adj. // S +感官V+like + n. / 子句

          2. S + 感官V+ O + V原型/Ving

   例句：

   * You look tired. (adj.)

   * She sounds like her mother. (like + n.)

   * I felt like I was going to die last night. (子句)

   * I saw him walk away quickly when we got off the van.

   * I heard the birds chirping when I passed by the park.

[B] 反身代名詞：myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves

     用法：主詞(S)和受詞(O)是同一對象。加強語氣，靠…自己

     常見相關片語：

     * by oneself

     * enjoy oneself

     * help yourself (help oneself to something)

     * talk to oneself

     * make oneself at home

[C] if 條件子句

type(種類)	main clause(主要子句)	if clause(條件子句)
1. if可能實現也可能不實現	未來/語態動詞/祈使句	現在簡單
2. if理論上可能實現   (現在沒有實現)	would V原型	過去簡單
3. if不可能實現(太遲了)   (想像一個過去並沒發生的狀況)	would have + p.p.	過去完成(had + p.p.)

注意：If子句在前，要逗點，才接主要子句

例句：

1. I will pass the exam if I study. = If I study, I will pass the exam.

2. I would buy a big house if I had a billion dollars.

3. I would have won the race if I had trained harder.

 註：語態動詞modal verbs

can, could, may, might, will, would, must, shall, should, ought to

(國二下 翰林)